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- <text id=90TT1426>
- <link 93XP0292>
- <link 90TT0735>
- <link 89TT2544>
- <title>
- June 04, 1990: China:One Year Later
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- June 04, 1990 Gorbachev:In The Eye Of The Storm
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 58
- CHINA
- One Year Later
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>The leadership stifles dissent as it tries to put the best face
- on an unpopular regime
- </p>
- <p>BY Sandra Burton/Beijing--With reporting by David Aikman/
- Washington and Jaime A. FlorCruz/Beijing
- </p>
- <p> Beijing is increasingly a city of false facades. Each day
- picturesque walls made of stucco and tile are erected around
- deteriorating residential neighborhoods to hide them from
- visitors who will attend the 1990 Asian Games in the Chinese
- capital this September. No less deceptive is the charade that
- is performed each night at major intersections throughout the
- city. Disguised as policemen, combat-ready army officers man
- security checkpoints that were allegedly dismantled when martial
- law was lifted in January. Says a dissident intellectual:
- "Stability is only an illusion."
- </p>
- <p> One year after the bloody crackdown that silenced China's
- nascent democracy movement, a divided Communist Party
- leadership is attempting to stifle dissent while it tries to
- put the best face on an unpopular regime. Recent decisions to
- relax the government's two-year-old economic austerity program,
- lift martial law in Beijing and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa
- and tone down the ideological decibel level represent a modest
- victory for the pragmatic approach of retired patriarch Deng
- Xiaoping over a clutch of veteran hard-liners. Yet Deng, 85,
- remains locked in a paralyzing succession struggle that
- precludes any but the most cosmetic policy changes in the near
- future. "What we are seeing is the classic politics of the end
- of an era," says a senior Asian diplomat in Beijing. "Since the
- Emperor never retires, we must wait until he dies." Until then
- the kingdom and its subjects can do little but wait and wonder
- what will follow.
- </p>
- <p> Last week President George Bush removed most of what
- leverage Washington still enjoyed over Beijing by approving a
- one-year extension of China's most favored nation trading
- status. Bush's move drew angry criticism from many members of
- Congress, including Republicans, but Capitol Hill is unlikely
- to muster the two-thirds vote of both chambers that would be
- needed to block the measure. Bush argued his case on economic
- grounds, claiming that to deprive Beijing of its MFN
- classification would harm the Chinese people, cost capitalist
- Hong Kong 20,000 jobs and $8.5 billion in exports of
- Chinese-made goods processed in Hong Kong, and add 40% to the
- prices American consumers must pay for Chinese imports. But he
- also defended his action as the best way, ultimately, to ensure
- a more democratic China. "The people of China who trade with
- us are the engine of reform," Bush contended. "Our
- responsibility to them is best met not by isolating those
- forces...but by keeping open the channels of commerce."
- </p>
- <p> Though both the U.S. and Hong Kong would have suffered
- greater financial losses than China if MFN status had not been
- renewed, Beijing can ill afford the estimated $3 billion or
- more that revocation would have cost mainland enterprises.
- Despite the success of a stringent austerity program in cooling
- the overheated economy and cutting inflation from 18% last year
- to less than 5% today, there have been debilitating side
- effects. The suspension or reduction in production in as many
- as one-third of Chinese factories and the cancellation of
- hundreds of construction projects have contributed to a
- "floating population" of unemployed job seekers that totals 50
- million. In the wake of the Beijing massacre, tourism revenue
- has fallen nearly $1 billion. To Beijing's dismay, the U.S.,
- Japan and the European Community have stood firm for a year in
- blocking all but humanitarian loans by the World Bank. Thus
- commercial banks remain wary of lending money to China.
- </p>
- <p> Beijing's kinder, gentler line appears to be directed as
- much toward its own increasingly alienated people as its
- foreign creditors. "If the ruling party cuts itself off from
- the masses," warned an extraordinarily candid commentary in the
- Communist theoretical magazine Qiushi (Seeking Truth) last
- month, "it will invite calamity or will even be forced to step
- down." In the absence of ambitious goals like the economic and
- political liberalization policies set by fallen party chief Zhao
- Ziyang, says a Western diplomat in Beijing, "politics becomes
- a question of how you achieve stability best." At the moment,
- two approaches are vying for approval:
- </p>
- <p>-- Rule with an iron hand. Hard-line ideologues argue that
- visible force and revolutionary spirit are essential to
- maintain order. They favor reviving old-fashioned sloganeering
- and mass-action campaigns, like the recent one urging people
- to "Learn from Lei Feng," a mawkishly selfless soldier who was
- virtually canonized by Chairman Mao. If stronger medicine is
- needed to awaken top party and local leaders to the dangers of
- internal divisions, hard-liners are offering a one-hour video
- titled Eastern Europe in Turmoil. According to one viewer, the
- tape is designed "to make local Communist officials realize
- that if in a crisis they fail to hitch a line to the Communist
- boat, they will all sink together--like Ceausescu."
- </p>
- <p>-- Give the people a greater voice. Liberal reformists
- contend that stability is built on economic prosperity and
- greater citizen participation. "How can you do your work if
- people run away as soon as they see you?" asked Li Ruihuan, a
- member of the Politburo Standing Committee, in an interview
- with the People's Daily. "We should talk about something that
- the people are interested in and that can help them do away
- with their worries." None of the would-be successors to Deng can
- spin such sentiments into a platform of action, however, as
- long as the so-called gang of elders is watching their every
- move. "It's too dangerous for one to raise his head above the
- crowd for fear of having it chopped off," observes a diplomat.
- </p>
- <p> What will happen after Deng dies is a matter of constant
- debate among China watchers; most agree that his passing will
- be traumatic. "When Deng dies, all hell will break loose once
- again," says an Asian ambassador based in Beijing. Few believe,
- however, that change will ultimately come from the streets in
- protests like those mounted last spring, although a
- better-educated people will inevitably demand more freedom of
- expression. Nor do they foresee the imminent collapse of the
- Communist Party, as happened in Eastern Europe. Whereas the
- regimes in Eastern Europe were imposed by the Soviet Union,
- rule by the Chinese Communist Party was the product of a
- nationalist revolution. Moreover, China is still a poor,
- developing country whose huge, largely peasant population has
- had little exposure to the concept of democracy. The average
- Chinese tends to be more protective of his recently acquired
- right to grow cash crops than of the human rights for which
- students demonstrated last spring.
- </p>
- <p> Robert Scalapino, director of the Institute of East Asian
- Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, suspects
- that a deep-seated need for stability on the part of most
- Chinese will induce the next generation of leaders to opt for
- a system of political authoritarianism but social and economic
- pluralism. Says he: "Even the intellectuals remember the chaos
- of the Cultural Revolution and the warlord period, and they
- don't want to go back to it."
- </p>
- <p> The party and the army, in fact, are the only two viable
- institutions in China, and the army is in the service of the
- party. That leaves only one channel for positive change: a new,
- more enlightened Emperor who will reform the system from the
- top down. Such a leader can come forward, of course, only after
- Deng has died. But even if a Chinese version of Mikhail
- Gorbachev does take office, he will have to tread carefully.
- As the students camped out in Tiananmen Square discovered that
- fateful night last June, any attempt to change China too quickly
- is an invitation to tragedy.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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